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Authors
Li, Jincheng
Dai, Xuejing
Yan, Ruiao
Tang, Chengqing
Li, Yunpeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Special Projects of Science and Technology Strong Police Basic Work of Ministry of Public Security (2023JC08, 2023JC08, 2023JC08, 2023JC08)
Basic Scientific Research Projects of Central Universities (D2023001, D2023001, D2023001, D2023001)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62305397, 62305397, 62305397, 62305397)
Liaoning Province Applied Basic Research Program Project (2022JH2/101300144, 2022JH2/101300144, 2022JH2/101300144, 2022JH2/101300144)
Shenyang Middle and Young Science and Technology Innovation Talents Support Program (RC220488, RC220488, RC220488, RC220488)
Graduate Innovation Capacity Enhancement Program of the Criminal Investigation Police University of China (2024YCYB51, 2024YCYB51, 2024YCYB51, 2024YCYB51)
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2024
Accepted: 8 April 2025
First Online: 29 April 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All experiments involving human participants were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The study was approved by the [Criminal Investigation Police University of China] Institutional Review Board (IRB). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and their legal guardian(s). All participants were informed about the purpose of the study and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.
: The non-facial regions (e.g., torso, limbs) of the images presented in Figs. and are essential for the data presentation. Therefore, these images have been cropped to remove the facial/head regions to ensure compliance with privacy and anonymization standards. For other instances where human figures appear in the manuscript, these are images of the author, who has provided explicit consent for their inclusion in the paper.
