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Article History

Received: 9 January 2025

Accepted: 18 April 2025

First Online: 24 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The lead author Tanzila Tamanna affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.

: This study utilized a secondary dataset obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Programme website (). As the dataset was publicly available and used for research purposes, formal ethics approval was not required. However, the use of the dataset adhered to the ethical standards set by the DHS Programme, which ensures that data collection procedures comply with the principles of informed consent, participant privacy, and confidentiality. All data were anonymized, protecting the identities of the participants, and the research was conducted with the utmost respect for ethical research practices.