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Authors
Huang, Renquan
Liu, Xiao
Tian, Jing
Liu, Chenbo
Wang, Shuyan
Zhang, Qingyun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Special Project for Research in Philosophy and Social Science in Shaanxi Province (2025YB0295)
Xi’an Social Science Planning Fund Project (25JX147)
Xi’an International Studies University Research Project (25XWC05)
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Article History
Received: 15 October 2025
Accepted: 1 January 2026
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study uses aggregated, publicly available province-level panel data (2010–2023) compiled from official statistical yearbooks and research databases. It does not involve human participants, human biological materials, or the collection, processing, or analysis of any personally identifiable information. Therefore, ethics approval and informed consent are not required. This determination is consistent with the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2023), which govern ethical review requirements for research involving human participants. In addition, the academic ethics review body of the School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an International Studies University, has confirmed that this study falls outside the scope of human-subject research and issued a formal waiver of ethics approval.
