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Authors
Tang, Jianyu
Wang, Hongying
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The CHARLS study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent prior to the survey. This secondary analysis was based on publicly available, de-identified data and did not involve any additional ethical risks.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
