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Authors
Tamarelle, Jeanne https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0956-0349
Doria, Maria V.
Rambolamanana, Valérie
Rajaonarivo, Tatamo
Ferreira, Ana Sousa
Rakotondrainipiana, Maheninasy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7932-9703
Randremanana, Rindra Vatosoa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-8827
Sansonetti, Philippe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-4527
Vonaesch, Pascale https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-6505
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Barouki, Robert
Bastaraud, Alexandra
Collard, Jean-Marc
Doria, Maria
Duffy, Darragh
Finlay, B. Brett
Djorie, Serge Ghislain
Giles-Vernick, Tamara
Gondje, Bolmbaye Privat
Gody, Jean-Chrysostome
Hasan, Milena
Kapel, Nathalie
Lombart, Jean-Pierre
Nigatoloum, Synthia Nazita
Parfrey, Laura Wegener
Rakotondrainipiana, Maheninasy
Randremanana, Rindra Vatosoa
Robinson, Annick
Rubbo, Pierre-Alain
Sansonetti, Philippe
Schaeffer, Laura
Gouandjika-Vasilache, Ionela
Vondo, Sonia Sandrine
Vigan-Womas, Inès
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions
Total Foundation
Institut Pasteur
Fondation Petram
Odyssey Re-Insurance Company
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1204689)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Early Postdoctoral Fellowship P2EZP3_152159)
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Article History
Received: 19 June 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 17 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol of Afribiota was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Institut Pasteur (2016-06/IRB) and the National Ethical Review Boards of Madagascar (55/MSANP/CE, 19 May 2015). All participants received oral and written information about the study. The legal representatives of the children provided written consent to participate in the study. The present analysis (AfriGutBrain) was approved by the Swiss Cantonal Ethics Commission CER-VD (BASEC-ID 2023-01834).
