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Authors
La-up, Aroon
Saengow, Udomsak
Aramrattana, Apinun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Centre for Addiction Studies (62-01619-0027)
the Office of the Narcotics Control Board (ยธ 1118 (กท.)/5559)
Walailak University (WU-IRG-63-027 and New Strategic Research (P2P) project)
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Article History
Received: 13 October 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Walailak University. The protocol number: WU-EC-AH-2-144-63. All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.
