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Article History

Received: 5 November 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 10 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors have filed an Indian patent for a formulation containing postbiotics derived from Lactobacilli to treat induced urinary tract infections in a mouse model (Patent Application Number: 202441057663; Reference Number: TEMP/E-1/67129/2024-CHE).

: All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) , SASTRA Deemed to be University (Approval No. 740/SASTRA/IAEC/RPP ). The animal studies were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Government of India. The animal experiments reported were performed in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. All animals used in this study were procured, housed, and maintained at the Central Animal House Facility, SASTRA Deemed to be University. Animals were kept under standard laboratory conditions with controlled temperature, humidity, and a 12 h light/dark cycle, with ad libitum access to standard pellet diet and water. Following experimental infection, animals received intravaginal treatment with the respective formulations as described in the Methods section.Human ethical approval for the collection of human vaginal samples for this study was granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee , Trichy SRM Medical College and Research Centre (TSRMMCH&RC) , Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu , India (IEC No. 127, 696/TSRMMCH&RC/ME-1/2022). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before sample collection.