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Article History

Received: 12 October 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 25 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study analysed fully anonymized consumer data. In line with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, Regulation (EU) 2016/679), Recital 26 clarifies that information which does not relate to an identified or identifiable natural person–i.e., data irreversibly anonymized so that identification is not reasonably possible–falls outside the scope of the GDPR. Consistent with Spanish Organic Law 3/2018 on Personal Data Protection and Digital Rights (LOPDGDD), which applies only to personal data, the dataset used in this research does not constitute personal data. Consequently, and given that the study involved no interaction with human participants and no processing of identifiable personal data, review by a Research Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board was not required. All analyses adhered to applicable institutional policies, good research governance, and the non-profit research terms of the Spanish Supercomputing Network (RES) and the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC).

: This study used fully anonymised consumer data and, according to the applicable institutional policies and regulations, did not require review by a Research Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board. No identifiable personal data were used and no re-identification was attempted.

: Data used in this study were provided to the authors in fully anonymized form under the governance of the European projects DT4H and AI4HF and their data-sharing terms. No identifiable personal data were accessible to the authors, and no re-identification was attempted.

: Use of RES/BSC facilities complied with their non-profit research mandate and applicable Usage Terms & Conditions. Access credentials were kept strictly confidential. Any use for profit purposes would require a prior commercial agreement.