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Authors
Ntumi, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-4454
Adzifome, Saba Nixon
Nyamekye, Theophilus
Vedor, Foster Kwame
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study involved the collection of primary data from upper primary and junior high school learners in Ghanaian public schools. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Education, Winneba (Protocol No. UEW-ERB-EDU-2025-0024). The study adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating learners’ parents or legal guardians, and verbal or written assent was secured from the children. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their rights to withdraw at any stage without penalty. No personally identifiable information was collected, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity
