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Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 19 January 2026

Declarations

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: Kosaku Komiya has received lecture fees from Shionogi, Pfizer, and MSD. Akihiko Hagiwara declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Yuichiro Shindo has received lecture fees from Kyorin Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead Sciences, MSD, GlaxoSmithKline, Insmed, Asahi Kasei Pharma, and Pfizer. Kazufumi Takamatsu declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Naoki Nishimura declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Yukako Takechi declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Eiki Ichihara has received lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, MSD, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, and Boehringer Ingelheim. He has also received research funding from Janssen Pharmaceutical and a scholarship donation from Nippon Kayaku. Takahiro Takazono has received lecture fees from Shionogi, MSD, Pfizer, and Gilead Sciences. Shinyu Izumi declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Shimpei Gotoh holds shares in HiLung, Inc. He has received research funding from Kyorin Pharmaceutical and Sumitomo Chemical and lecture fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical. Seiichiro Sakao declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Takehiro Izumo has received lecture fees from AstraZeneca, MSD, and Daiichi Sankyo. Kazuko Yamamoto has received research grants from Taisho Pharmaceutical and Kirin Holdings Company. She has also received lecture fees from Shionogi, MSD, and Pfizer. Kazuhiro Yatera has received lecture fees from MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi, and Meiji Seika Pharma. Hiroshi Kakeya has received lecture fees from MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi, and Gilead Sciences. Yoko Shibata has received lecture fees from MSD and Shionogi. Keisuke Tomii declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Hironori Sagara has received lecture fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Kyorin Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, and MSD. Yuka Sasaki declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Toyohiro Hirai has received lecture fees from MSD and Pfizer. Akihito Yokoyama declares no conflicts of interest related to this study. Hiroshi Mukae has received research funding from Shionogi and Kyorin Pharmaceutical. He has also received scholarship donations from Taiho Pharmaceutical, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Fujifilm, and Asahi Kasei Pharma. Additionally, he has received lecture fees from Kyorin Pharmaceutical, AstraZeneca, Shionogi, Pfizer, MSD, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical, and Fujifilm. Takashi Ogura has received lecture fees from Kyorin Pharmaceutical, Shionogi, Gilead Sciences, Fujifilm, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, and Chugai Pharmaceutical.