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Authors
Li, Jiaxing
Zhou, Wenkai
Jiang, Shilei
Zhang, Tianhao
Duan, Xiping
Ma, Ning
Wang, Yuhe
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Harbin Normal University Ph.D. Research Start-Up Gold Project (XKB201906)
Heilongjiang Province Higher Education Teaching Reform Project (SJGZ20210033)
General Research Project on Higher Education Teaching Reform at Harbin Normal University (XJGYFW2022006)
General Project of Graduate Education Reform and Research in Higher Education at Harbin Normal University in 2024 (XJGYJSY202413)
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: Our study utilized publicly available datasets that were anonymized during their original collection, containing no personal identifiable information. Therefore, in accordance with relevant ethical review regulations, our research did not require additional ethical approval. is used in this study. These datasets are publicly accessible, and their use strictly adhered to privacy protection principles. Since the datasets are publicly available and anonymized, with no involvement of personal private information, additional informed consent was not required.
