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Authors
Mu, Yunkai
Lou, Fangqin
Feng, Guibo
Huang, Mi
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The requirement for informed consent was waived because this study was a retrospective secondary analysis of de-identified data from the publicly available MIMIC-IV database, which poses no risk to participants. The use of the MIMIC-IV database has been approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
