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Authors
Nivethika, S. Deepa
Joshi, Shreyash
Verma, Kshitij
Aishwarya, V.
Srinivasan, Vimal Varshan
Pandian, M. Senthil
Paulraj, Prabhakaran
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai
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Article History
Received: 15 October 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 10 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The datasets (DCSASS and UCF-Crime) used in this study consist entirely of publicly available, anonymized surveillance video footage that does not contain identifiable human subjects. Therefore, this research did not require ethical approval or informed consent, as no human participants or personal data were involved.
