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Authors
Widyaningrum, Rini
Rosyida, Niswati Fathmah
Ningtyas, Aini Hasibah
Faadiya, Amalia Nur
Sugianto, Prayoga
Kinanggit, Netya Dzihni
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All data analyzed in this study were derived from anonymized secondary sources, with no inclusion of identifiable personal information. Informed consent was waived by the institutional review board because the research did not involve direct contact with patients. The conduct of the study complied fully with institutional ethical guidelines and data protection policies, and data access was restricted exclusively to authorized members of the research team. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (Finland). Ethical approval and the waiver of informed consent were granted by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry and Prof. Soedomo Dental Hospital, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Ref. No. 40/UN1/KEP/FKG-RSGM/EC/2025).
