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Article History

Received: 26 May 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: AM and TY are employees of Gilead Sciences Japan. ST and HA area former employees of Gilead Sciences Japan. SL, RN, HN are employees of INTAGE Healthcare.KS received lecture fees from Takeda, ONO, Novartis, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Janssen outside of this work, has received advisory fees from SRL, and has held an endowed chair position with Janssen, Takeda, Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb.

: The authors state that they have obtained appropriate institutional review board approval or have followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for all human or animal experimental investigations. All data are anonymized, so the Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research in Japan are not applicable to this study. In addition, the Ethical Guidelines on Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects ascertain that written informed consent from patients is not required for such pharmaco-epidemiological studies conducted using medical databases, as the use of pre-existing data does not require any interaction with patients.　Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the Ethics Committee of the Medical Corporation TOUKEIKAI Kitamachi Clinic Ethical Review Board waived the need of obtaining informed consent.