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Authors
Pham-Ngoc, Diem-Ngan https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8724-7704
Nguyen, Phuoc-Thien https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4114-2323
Nguyen-Thi, Nhu-Quynh https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0056-8303
Nguyen, Duc-Huy https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2866-5081
Vo, Cao-Dat https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9600-4346
Do, Thien Tat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-4551
Ho, Cyrus Su Hui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-9566
Tran-Chi, Vinh-Long https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7144-5515
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Article History
Received: 22 April 2025
Accepted: 12 January 2026
First Online: 27 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA). Data collection procedures ensured complete anonymity and voluntary participation, and no identifying or sensitive personal information was obtained. The research involved minimal risk to participants, and all procedures were implemented in line with ethical standards for research in the social sciences and humanities, as specified in Decision No. 4111/QĐ-ĐHSP (2022) issued by Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Vietnam.
