Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study is part of a doctoral thesis, which has been approved by the Scientific Council of the Faculty of Sciences of Nature, Life, Earth and the Universe, Tlemcen university, Algeria. In accordance with Executive Decree No. 12 − 03 of January 4, 2012, as published in the Official Journal of the Algerian Republic, the plant specimens collected for the present study do not belong to species designated as threatened or endangered. This legislative instrument provides the official classification of protected wild plant species in Algeria and serves as a regulatory framework to guide their conservation and ensure their continued survival in natural habitats. In the cities under investigation, forest conservation frameworks permit the collection of specimens of the plant species examined in this study for scientific purposes, provided that the quantities harvested do not compromise the ecological integrity or long-term sustainability of the native vegetation cover.