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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Accepted: 16 January 2026

First Online: 18 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by School of Language, Literature & Law, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology Ethics Committee (Approval Number: 2022.35210021). The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. To ensure compliance with publication ethics and personal information protection requirements, all facial images used in this study have been explicitly authorized in writing by the individuals depicted, permitting open access publication in both print and digital formats under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CCBY4.0) license.

: Written Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.