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Authors
Usman, Muhammad
Sultan, Nadia
Nasim, Ammara
Ayaz, Beenish
Fatima, Joddat
Nosheen, Faryal
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Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 30 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that there is no competing interests.
: This study used the BED dataset (Biometric EEG Dataset, Zenodo, version 1.0.0). The dataset contains EEG recordings from 21 subjects collected across three sessions using the Emotiv EPOC+ system. The data were anonymized prior to sharing. Access was granted to the authors upon request to the dataset maintainers through the Zenodo platform. As this is a secondary analysis of anonymized and previously collected data, no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required.
