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Authors
Lu, Wei-Hsun
Tsai, Hong-Ming
Liao, Ting-Kai
Su, Ping-Jui
Wang, Chih-Jung
Chao, Ying-Jui
Shan, Yan-Shen
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Article History
Received: 26 July 2025
Accepted: 17 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: IRB approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Cheng Kung University Hospital with approval number of B-ER-108-312 .
: Given the retrospective nature of this study and the use of de-identified patient data, the Institutional Review Board of the National Cheng Kung University Hospital waived the requirement for informed consent for study participation. All patient data were completely anonymized prior to analysis, and no identifying information was included in the study dataset or manuscript. The waiver of informed consent was approved as part of the ethical review process under approval number B-ER-108-312.
