Wang, Zeran
Chen, Yuan
Gu, Yuhao
Liu, Jian
Zhu, Xudong
He, Mianwang
Funding for this research was provided by:
Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers ofUSTB (FRF-IDRY-23-010)
the USTB Research Center for International People-to-people Exchange in Science, Technology and Civilization (2023KFZD001)
the Platform of Data Analysis and Processing for Multimodal Material Large Language Model (LLM)-B (Grant No. z20250473)
Article History
Received: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.