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Authors
Li, Ang
Pang, Yutao
Zhang, Hongfei
Wu, Dong
Lin, Liyao
He, Zhan
Liang, Zhu
Chen, Jie
Li, Fasheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Clinical Projects of Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (LCYJ2022DL003)
Supported Projects of Zhanjiang (2021A05076)
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Article History
Received: 2 September 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. For the TCGA cohort, only publicly available, de-identified data were used, and ethical approval and informed consent were obtained in the original studies. The external validation cohort of postoperative, treatment-naïve lung adenocarcinoma patients from the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University was approved by the Ethics Committee of Clinical Research, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (approval No. KT2025-149), which waived the requirement for written informed consent owing to the retrospective design and the use of anonymized archival H&E whole-slide images.
