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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 25 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: L.W. conceived the study, designed the YOLOv11-SRA model architecture, and implemented the SAConv module. X.W. conducted the experiments, performed data preprocessing and augmentation, and carried out comparative and ablation studies. X.S. developed the RCM and ASFF modules, optimized the neck and detection head networks, and analyzed the experimental results. A.W. contributed to the writing and revision of the manuscript, organized the references, and assisted in the validation of experimental data.

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