Liu, Qing
Yuan, Weiwei
Zhaowang, Ruizhi
Yuan, Xiao
Sun, Minzhi
Funding for this research was provided by:
Clinical Science Foundation project of Anhui Medical University (2023xkj169)
Scientific research project of colleges and universities in Anhui Province (2023AH050668)
Article History
Received: 13 June 2025
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Due to the nature of this design, no additional ethical approval was needed. Consequently, the Local Ethics Committee waived the ethical approval. This study analyzed publicly available data from multiple independent cohorts.
: Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit . Reprints and permissions