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Article History

Received: 14 August 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All participants involved in this study were fully informed about the research’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits. Each participant provided explicit consent before their involvement. They were assured of their right to withdraw from the study without any consequences. The anonymity and confidentiality of their responses were guaranteed, with no personal identifiers linked to the data collected. Written consent was obtained from each participant, ensuring that they agreed to the terms of participation and the use of their data for research purposes.

: This study was approved by both the Ethics Committee of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University and the Ethics Review Committee of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and national ethical guidelines for research involving human participants.Approval ID: MCU 8007R.627/YJMU-EC-2025-022202.Date of approval: 26 October 2024/22 February 2025.Note: The study commenced only after the above ethical approval was granted. Post-hoc local approval was obtained on 22 February 2025 to comply with journal requirements.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the commencement of data collection.Consent procedure: Participants received an information sheet detailing the study’s aims, methods, risks, benefits, and data handling procedures. Participants then signed a consent form.Dates of consent collection: 20–30 November 2024.A scanned copy of the IRB approval letter and the blank informed-consent form are attached.