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Authors
Belay, Habtamu
Erko, Berhanu
Belachew, Mahlet
Pareyn, Myrthe
Bishaw, Tesfahun
Griensven, Johan van
Tasew, Geremew
Abera, Adugna
Aklilu, Esayas
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Addis Ababa University
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Article History
Received: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 27 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: Consent was sought from each refugee camp coordinators including protection, security and health coordinators) and informed consent was also sought from head of households from where sand flies were collected in their compound and/or indoor. The study obtained ethical clearance from the Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research-Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (ALIHR-IRERC) prior to data collection (Ref. No.: ALIPB IRERC/112/2015/23). A permission letter was obtained from Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Refugees and Returnees Service (FDRE RRS) and subsequently from RRS regional office and camp coordination offices.
: Not applicable.
