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Article History

Received: 20 November 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable. This study involves technical research on computer vision algorithms and UAV systems without human subjects participation. All aerial imagery used in experiments was collected in compliance with local aviation regulations and privacy laws. No identifiable personal information was included in the datasets.

: All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript for publication. The authors consent to the publication of this work in its current form.