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Article History

Received: 6 December 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study utilizes two publicly available benchmark datasets widely used in remote sensing semantic segmentation research. 1. ISPRS Potsdam Dataset This high-resolution urban semantic segmentation dataset is available from the ISPRS benchmark website: 2. ISPRS Vaihingen Dataset This aerial image semantic labeling dataset is also publicly accessible at: These datasets were used solely for research and evaluation purposes in accordance with the ISPRS licensing terms.