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Authors
Guo, Liping
Hu, Jingchen
Xie, Dongyu
Liu, Ziyi
Xi, Xiuwen
Yang, Yuxuan
Luo, Lili
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Social Sciences under the Ministry of Education (25YJC880028)
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Education Science, Northwest Normal University (Approval No. 2024 − 1030). Prior to participation, written informed consent was obtained from all subjects and their parents. Participants were thoroughly informed about the research’s purpose, methodology, and their rights, including the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.
