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Authors
Yan, Dawei
Fei, Ting
Liu, Xiaomin
Wu, Bingxue
Gao, Yihan
Li, Xiaonan
Li, Yuyan
Zhang, Yan
Jiang, Yishi
Che, Yan
Zheng, Saijing
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Article History
Received: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Dawei Yan, Ting Fei, Xiaomin Liu, Yihan Gao, Xiaonan Li, and Saijing Zheng are employees of Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd. and declare this as a competing interest.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Medical Ethical Committee, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies (PJ2025-02). All participants provided electronic informed consent for publication, and the requirement for a handwritten signature was waived by the ethics committee.
