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Authors
Haijiang, Huang
Rafiq, Muhammad
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UCSI University
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Article History
Received: 27 June 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 9 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Graduate Business School, ethics committee, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, approval No. UCSI/GBSEC/2025/0013. All procedures were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any time. No identifying information was collected, ensuring anonymity.
