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Authors
Hamdan, Muhamad Haikal
Sarmin, Siti Noorbaini
Karim, Zoheb
Jawaid, Mohammad
Ismail, Ahmad Safwan
Salim, Nurjannah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University (12R301 and 12R287)
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Article History
Received: 16 December 2025
Accepted: 30 January 2026
First Online: 9 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: We confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.
: No ethical clearance is required.
: We declare that there are no animal studies or human participant involvement in the study.
