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Authors
Kay, Sharon W.C.
Rowley, Amy G.
Visona-Kelly, Brittany C.
Barrett-Lennard, Lance G.
Thompson, Peter R.
Sutton, Gary J.
Fearnbach, Holly
Durban, John W.
Darimont, Chris T.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Victoria
Ocean Wise Conservation Association
Raincoast Conservation Foundation
Mitacs
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
LNG Canada
Ocean Wise Killer Whale Adoption Program
Audain Foundation
Vancouver Foundation
Sea World and Busch Gardens Conservation Fund
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Sea Life Response Rehabilitation and Research
Raincoast Research Chair at the University of Victoria
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Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 30 January 2026
First Online: 1 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All field activities were carried out under Fisheries and Oceans Canada marine mammal research license no. XMMS-6-2014 (2014–2017), XMMS-5-2018 (2018), XMMS-4-2019 (2019–2021) and XMMS-2-2022 (2022–2023). All field procedures were approved by the Pacific Region Animal Care Committee of Fisheries and Oceans Canada as well as the University of Victoria Animal Care Committee (protocol 2023-005(1)) and complied with the standards of animal care set by the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
