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Article History

Received: 2 September 2025

Accepted: 31 January 2026

First Online: 10 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the institutional research ethics policies of Al‑Balqa Applied University (Jordan) and the University of Northern Border (Saudi Arabia). The research protocol received ethical clearance from the academic committees in the relevant departments at both institutions. All procedures adhered to the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was granted under the internal reference numbers: EDU/IRB/2025/04 (Al‑Balqa Applied University) and EDU/UNB/REC/2025/03 (University of Northern Border) in March and April 2025, respectively.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participating parents. Participants were provided with clear information about the study’s objectives, procedures, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. No data were collected directly from children; the study relied exclusively on parent-reported practices regarding the use of smart devices and its impact on early language development.