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Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 31 January 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study adheres to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. It was approved by the Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Soochow University (No.2023CS059). Given the pediatric population, special protections for child participants were implemented: Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all children, and additional verbal assent was obtained from children aged ≥ 7 years. The informed consent form was specifically revised to include: (i) explicit statements that only residual clinical specimens/routine data would be used to avoid additional procedures; (ii) clear emphasis on the child’s right to refuse participation or withdraw at any time without affecting clinical care; (iii) detailed description of data anonymization and privacy protection measures; (iv) contact information for an independent pediatrician (unaffiliated with the research team) for consultation regarding child participants’ rights.