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Article History

Received: 15 July 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Teacher Education College, Hainan Normal University (Approval No. 202415421; 3 December 2023). The committee waived the requirement for written (signed) consent due to the anonymous, minimal‑risk nature of the survey. All participants were presented with a participant information statement and provided explicit electronic consent by selecting “I agree” before accessing the questionnaire. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. All data collected during this study were fully anonymized to protect the confidentiality of the participants. Personal identifying information was removed, and responses were securely stored to prevent unauthorized access.