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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was based entirely on retrospective analyses of publicly available, de-identified transcriptomic and clinical datasets from multiple independent gastric cancer cohorts, such as TCGA and GEO. No new human participants were recruited and no additional human tissue samples were collected specifically for this study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. According to the institutional policies of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, as well as national regulations, analyses using publicly available, anonymized data are considered exempt from human-subjects research review and do not require institutional review board (IRB) approval or informed consent. Therefore, no formal ethics committee approval or written informed consent was required for this study.Ethics approval and consent to participate

: All participants involved in this study provided informed consent. Their participation was entirely voluntary, and they were informed of their rights and the purpose of the study.