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Article History

Received: 29 October 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Statement

:

: We declare that none of the authors has any financial, personal, or professional conflicts of interest that could influence the results or interpretation of this work. All authors confirm that there are no competing interests, including direct or indirect relationships with organizations or entities that may have an interest in the submitted manuscript.

: The MIMIC-IV database used in this study was approved by the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at MIT Boston and the MIT Institutional Review Board. This was a retrospective analysis, and all personal data were de-identified without the need for an ethics approval statement or informed consent.

: During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT in order to improve language. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.