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Article History

Received: 20 December 2024

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 21 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The experiment was part of a teaching unit on Artificial Intelligence in Education at a German university, which did not extend beyond standard educational practices. We conducted the experiment in line with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). All experimental protocols were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the German Educational Research Association Society provided as a self-assessment via the German Data Forum (2024), which is endorsed by the German Research Foundation (DFG). All experimental protocols were reviewed and approved internally by the participating lecturers and researchers.All participants were informed about the purpose of the experiment, and we obtained informed consent from all participants. The informed consent was obtained electronically. The dataset was fully anonymized, containing only non-identifying demographic variables (age and gender). Participation in the study and allowing the data to be used for the analysis was entirely voluntary, and there were no disadvantages for those who chose not to participate or who decided to drop out at any point during the study.