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Article History

Received: 19 November 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The MIMIC-IV database, from which all data for this study were sourced, received approval from the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of both the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). A waiver of informed consent was granted for the use of this database, as all patient data are de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and its Privacy Rule, ensuring patient privacy and confidentiality.

: Not applicable.