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Article History

Received: 8 December 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: KB received payment for lectures and consulting from Apontis Pharma, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, med update GmbH, streamedup! GmbH, and a grant from Sarkoidose-Netzwerk e.V., all outside the submitted work. BK received payment for lectures from Diaplan GmbH and conference fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, all outside the submitted work. OW declares that airway analysis technology is licensed to Imbio, L.L.C. and payment for lectures from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, these activities are outside the submitted work. PH received payment for lectures drom Grifols GmbH and CSL Behring, support for attending meetings from CSL Behring and Chiesi and a grant from CSL Behring, all outside the submitted work. MP received payment for lectures and consulting fees from Apontis Pharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novartis, all outside the submitted work. JB has received honoraria and consultation fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, streamed up!, Intuitive Surgical Inc, Berlin Chemie, Olympus, Pulmonx, and Microtech. These activities are outside the submitted work. All other authors have nothing to disclose.

: The study was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Germany (S-754/2023). Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.