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Authors
Sage, Edison Eukun
Ibrahim, Sabah A. E.
Firdaus-Raih, Mohd
Samhoon, Samah Omer A.
Mohamed, Ahmed Abdelghyoum M.
Ahmed, Tarig M. E.
Saadaldin, Moaaz M.
Suliman, Omnia H.
Mohamed, Osama
Mohamed, Sofia B.
Ali, Qurashi M.
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Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study did not involve experiments on human subjects or the use of human tissue samples. All analyses were performed exclusively on Escherichia coli whole-genome sequencing data that are publicly available in the NCBI database. The genome sequences were fully anonymized, contained no patient-identifiable information, and were generated as part of previously published studies. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant international guidelines and regulations for research using publicly available genomic data. As no new clinical samples were collected and no human participants were involved, institutional ethical approval and informed consent from patients or their legal guardians were not required for this study.
