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Authors
Kaczvinsky, Chloe
Levy, Hila
Preston, Stephen
Youngflesh, Casey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-3311
Clucas, Gemma
Lynch, Heather J.
Christodoulou, Maria D.
Hart, Tom https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-5046
Smith, Adrian L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2802-2976
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Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 6 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Declarations
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: All sampling in the Antarctic Treaty Area was carried out in accordance with United Kingdom Home Office guidelines, under permits granted by the United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office (permits: S3-23/2013, S7 28/2013, S3 04/2014, S7 03/2014, 33/2016, 34/2016, 37/2017), in South Georgia under permits granted by the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SCI-2014–017, RAP-2015–018, RAP-2016–035 and RAP-2017–034), and in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas under Falkland Islands Government Environmental Planning Department permits (R16.2014, R15 2014, and R04 2017), with ethical approval from the University of Oxford Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board. Animal handling protocols followed Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Code of Conduct on the use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica. All samples were transported in accordance with applicable export permits and United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs import permits.
