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Authors
Jiang, Qi
Qian, Yiwei
Feng, Tianli
Du, Mengmei
Zhang, Hanwen
Zhang, Evelyn
Dill, Sarah-Eve
Ma, Yue
Rozelle, Scott
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Enlight Foundation, USA
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Article History
Received: 20 September 2025
Accepted: 6 February 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board (Protocol ID 49552). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians or parents prior to data collection. Enumerators introduced the study, allowed time for questions, and used a standardized script in both Mandarin and the Sichuan dialect to obtain consent. Caregivers were made aware that their recordings would be collected and reviewed for research purposes. The caregivers were compensated for their participation in the study with books and educational toys.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
