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Article History

Received: 27 October 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 14 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Clinical trial number: not applicable. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Chest Hospital (approval No. 2023LW-001). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations and with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article. No live animals were used in this study. Primary mouse aortic VSMCs were commercially obtained. According to the vendor’s documentation, these primary cells were procured under protocols approved by the vendor’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and in accordance with relevant guidelines. Because the study involved only commercially sourced primary cells and no procedures on live animals at our institution, institutional animal ethics approval was not required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.