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Authors
Gareta García, Miguel
Fornof, Lillian J.
Sabbi, Kris H.
Martin, Floris
Sonderling, Eliana
De Rozario, Juliet
Cikara, Mina
Surbeck, Martin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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Article History
Received: 12 October 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All research protocols for this study were reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Scientific Research of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The bonobos of the Kokolopori Research Site were habituated to human observers, and behavioral data was collected using non-invasive, observational methods only; no individuals were captured, handled, or experimentally manipulated. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and regulations, including the Harvard animal ethics guidelines, the ASAB Ethical Committee guidelines, the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction.
