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Authors
Zhou, Lihua
Zhao, Yafan
Song, Wen
Li, Yunxia
Wang, Jie
Gong, Huanhuan
Sun, Guozhen
Bao, Zhipeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 72074124)
Jiangsu Youth Science and Technology Talent Promotion Project (JSTJ-2025-386)
Institute for Hospital Reform and Development of Nanjing University (NDYG052)
Youth Foundation Cultivation Program of the National Natural Science Foundation at Jiangsu Provincial People’s Hospital (PY2022002)
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (2024-SRFA-210). As this was a retrospective observational study, the requirement for informed consent was waived, and all patient identifiers were rigorously anonymized. All procedures in this study adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional committee and to the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The prediction model was developed in line with the latest TRIPOD + AI statement (Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis + Artificial Intelligence) 14 .
