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Authors
Kwon, Hyun
Kim, Dae-Jin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hwarang-Dae Research Institute of Korea Military Academy
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Article History
Received: 1 November 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used exclusively publicly available, de-identified data from the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2019 34 . As the dataset is fully anonymized and openly accessible under the PhysioNet Credentialed Health Data License, no ethical approval or informed consent was required. There are no human or animal experiments in this paper.
