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Authors
Jamaluddin, Jalilah https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9834-8459
Ismail, Intan Hakimah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4614-0140
Zainal Abidin, Mohd Azri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9355-3664
Mohamad, Siti Mardhiana https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2310-6767
Mahayidin, Hasni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-3560
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Grant Putra: Geran Inisiatif Putra Siswazah (GP-IPS/2022/9739900)
Grant Putra: Geran Inisiatif Putra Siswazah (GP-IPS/2022/9739900)
Grant Putra: Geran Inisiatif Putra Siswazah (GP-IPS/2022/9739900)
Grant Putra: Geran Inisiatif Putra Siswazah (GP-IPS/2022/9739900)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (04-01-18-1973FR, FRGS/1/2018/SKK02/UPM/02/1)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (04-01-18-1973FR, FRGS/1/2018/SKK02/UPM/02/1)
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (04-01-18-1973FR, FRGS/1/2018/SKK02/UPM/02/1)
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the National Medical Research Register (NMRR-20-1741-53741) and the UPM Ethics Committee for research involving human subjects (JKEUPM-2023-337), in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children.
: No identifying images or personal details of participants are included in this manuscript. Therefore, specific consent for publication of identifying information was not required.
