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Authors
Doughan, Gabrielle E. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1197-4758
Walthart, Becca K.
Petersen, Meredith B.
Schau, Cora E.
Skoland, Kristin J.
Macedo, Nubia R.
Brown, Justin T.
Bonnema, Jessica L.
Zhang, Danyang
Karriker, Locke A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
CID LINES, An Ecolab Company
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: Dr. Gabrielle Doughan’s salary was partially supported by funds from CID LINES, an Ecolab Company. The funding source had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: Oral consent to perform the project was obtained from veterinarians representing farm 1–6’s owners to perform the project. No procedures on swine were performed and the study was IACUC exempt.
